Used as a reinforcing additive in composite materials to enhance mechanical strength and thermal stability. Improves conductivity in polymers when added to antistatic coatings, conductive films, and electronic devices. Applied in filtration systems due to high surface area and adsorption capacity, especially in water treatment for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants. Serves as a support material in catalysts for chemical reactions, increasing efficiency and reusability. Investigated in energy storage applications such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries for improved electrode performance. Functional groups from hydroxylation aid in better dispersion in solvents and matrices, making it suitable for coatings, sensors, and biomedical applications like drug delivery carriers.