Used in conductive coatings and films for flexible electronics, touch screens, and displays due to its excellent electrical conductivity and optical transparency.

Commonly incorporated into polymer composites to enhance mechanical strength, impact resistance, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity for use in automotive and aerospace components.

Applied in energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors to improve electrode conductivity and charge capacity.

Utilized in sensors for detecting gases, biomolecules, or environmental pollutants owing to its high surface area and sensitivity.

Explored in thermal management systems, where it enhances heat dissipation in electronic devices.

In biomedical research, used for targeted drug delivery and medical imaging.

Employed as an additive in conductive inks for inkjet-printed electronics.

In some cases, used in water treatment and filtration membranes for improved flux, contaminant removal, and absorption of heavy metals.