Used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to attach to therapeutic molecules and target specific cells. Enhance the performance of sensors by improving sensitivity and selectivity in detecting various substances. Applied in composite materials to increase strength, conductivity, and durability in electronics and aerospace industries. Utilized in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors for improved efficiency and capacity. Serve as a catalyst support in chemical reactions, providing a stable and efficient platform for catalytic processes. Employed in environmental applications for water purification and pollutant removal due to their high adsorption capacity.