Used in biochemical research as an intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Serves as a substrate in enzyme assays involving phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate phosphatase, and other metabolic enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism and carbon fixation in plants. Employed in cell culture media formulations to support energy metabolism in certain specialized systems. Also utilized in metabolic pathway analysis and in the development of diagnostic kits for enzyme activity detection. Its sodium salt form enhances solubility and stability in aqueous solutions, making it suitable for in vitro applications.