Tris-HCl buffer is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for maintaining stable pH conditions in various experimental procedures. It is commonly employed in DNA and RNA electrophoresis, particularly in agarose and polyacrylamide gels, to ensure optimal separation of nucleic acids. The buffer is also essential in protein purification processes, such as chromatography and centrifugation, where it helps maintain the stability and functionality of proteins. Additionally, Tris-HCl buffer is utilized in enzyme assays and cell culture applications, providing a consistent pH environment for accurate and reproducible results. Its buffering capacity in the pH range of 7.0 to 9.0 makes it suitable for a variety of biological and chemical research applications.