Tris-HCl buffer is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for maintaining stable pH conditions in various experimental procedures. It is commonly employed in protein electrophoresis, particularly in SDS-PAGE, to ensure accurate separation of proteins based on their molecular weight. The buffer is also essential in nucleic acid studies, such as DNA and RNA extraction, purification, and gel electrophoresis, where it helps maintain the integrity of the samples. Additionally, Tris-HCl buffer is utilized in enzyme assays and cell culture applications to provide a consistent pH environment, which is critical for optimal enzyme activity and cell growth. Its buffering capacity in the pH range of 7.0 to 9.0 makes it suitable for a variety of biochemical reactions and analytical techniques.