Tris-HCl buffer is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for maintaining stable pH conditions in various experimental procedures. It is commonly employed in DNA and RNA electrophoresis, particularly in agarose and polyacrylamide gels, to ensure optimal separation of nucleic acids. The buffer is also essential in protein studies, including protein purification, crystallization, and Western blotting, as it helps maintain the pH required for enzyme activity and protein stability. Additionally, Tris-HCl buffer is utilized in cell culture applications to provide a consistent environment for cell growth and viability. Its buffering capacity in the pH range of 7.0 to 9.0 makes it suitable for a variety of biochemical assays and enzymatic reactions.