Tris-HCl buffer is widely used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories to maintain a stable pH environment, typically in the range of 7.0 to 9.0. It is commonly employed in DNA and RNA extraction protocols, where it helps stabilize nucleic acids and supports the activity of enzymes such as restriction endonucleases and polymerases. It is a key component in electrophoresis running buffers, especially in agarose and SDS-PAGE, ensuring consistent charge and mobility of biomolecules during separation. Tris-HCl is also used in protein purification, cell lysis buffers, and enzyme assays due to its compatibility with biological systems and minimal interference with enzymatic reactions. Its low cost, high solubility, and low toxicity make it a preferred choice in many laboratory applications.