Tris-HCl buffer is widely used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories to maintain a stable pH environment, typically in the range of 7.0 to 9.0. It is commonly employed in DNA and RNA extraction protocols, where it helps stabilize nucleic acids and supports the activity of enzymes such as restriction endonucleases and polymerases. It is a key component in electrophoresis buffers, particularly in agarose and polyacrylamide gel systems, ensuring consistent charge and mobility of biomolecules during separation. Tris-HCl buffer is also used in protein purification, cell lysis, and enzyme assays due to its compatibility with biological systems and minimal interference with enzymatic reactions. Its effectiveness over a physiologically relevant pH range makes it a standard choice in many biological research applications.