PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline) is widely used in biological and biochemical research due to its ability to maintain a stable pH environment. It is commonly employed for rinsing cells and tissues without causing damage, making it essential in cell culture procedures. PBS is frequently used to dilute substances in immunoassays such as ELISA and Western blotting, where it helps reduce non-specific binding when used with blocking agents. It also serves as a solvent or carrier for antibodies, proteins, and other biomolecules during staining and detection steps in microscopy and flow cytometry. Due to its isotonic and non-toxic nature, PBS is ideal for use in diagnostic procedures and in the reconstitution of lyophilized reagents. Additionally, it is used in clinical settings for wound irrigation and as a base for various pharmaceutical preparations.