Used to maintain a stable pH in biological and chemical experiments. Commonly applied in cell culture, protein purification, and enzyme reactions where pH control is critical. Ideal for diluting substances in immunoassays and washing steps in ELISA and Western blotting. Frequently used in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure drug stability. Also employed in diagnostic kits and sample preparation for HPLC and other analytical techniques. Suitable for ophthalmic and injectable preparations due to its biocompatibility.