Used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories to maintain a stable pH environment during experiments. Commonly applied in DNA and protein electrophoresis to ensure proper charge and mobility of molecules. Also utilized in enzyme assays and chromatography procedures where pH control is critical for activity and separation. Its buffering capacity around pH 4.5–5.5 makes it suitable for reactions involving weak acids or bases in this range. Compatible with many biological systems and does not interfere with most detection methods.