Bicarbonate Buffered Krebs-Ringer Solution, without calcium (Ca2+), is widely used in physiological and pharmacological research. It serves as an isotonic solution to maintain cellular integrity and function during experiments. This solution is particularly useful in studies involving isolated tissues or organs, where calcium-free conditions are required to prevent muscle contraction or other calcium-dependent processes. It is commonly employed in experiments examining cellular metabolism, ion transport, and drug effects on tissues. Additionally, it is used in perfusion systems to provide a stable environment for maintaining tissue viability. The absence of calcium allows researchers to study specific cellular mechanisms without interference from calcium-mediated signaling pathways.