Citrate buffer is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for maintaining stable pH levels in various experimental procedures. It is particularly effective in immunoassays, such as ELISA, where it helps in antigen-antibody binding by providing an optimal pH environment. In histology, citrate buffer is employed for antigen retrieval, a process that enhances the detection of proteins in tissue samples. It is also utilized in electrophoresis techniques to stabilize the pH of the gel, ensuring consistent separation of DNA, RNA, or proteins. Additionally, citrate buffer plays a role in cell culture applications, where it maintains the pH of the medium, supporting cell growth and viability. Its buffering capacity is also leveraged in diagnostic kits and pharmaceutical formulations to ensure stability and efficacy.