Used in biochemical and analytical applications where a stable pH environment is required, particularly in the range of pH 4.0 to 5.5. Commonly employed in chromatography, especially ion-exchange and HPLC, to maintain consistent separation conditions. Widely used in protein purification, electrophoresis, and enzyme assays due to its compatibility with biological molecules. Also serves as a buffering agent in pharmaceutical formulations and in the preparation of samples for mass spectrometry, offering low UV absorbance and good volatility.