Used in pharmaceuticals for treating gastrointestinal disorders, especially in formulations for stomach ulcers and diarrhea due to its antimicrobial and protective coating properties. Common in over-the-counter medicines like bismuth subsalicylate. Also used in cosmetics, particularly in pearlescent pigments for eye shadows and nail polishes, due to its iridescent effect. Serves as a lead-free alternative in alloys for low-melting-point applications such as fire sprinkler systems and safety devices. Applied in the production of thermoelectric materials and as a catalyst in the synthesis of certain chemicals. Its high density and low toxicity make it suitable for use in radiation shielding and in some types of solders and fusible alloys.