Widely used as a preservative in water-based products due to its strong biocidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and algae. Commonly found in industrial cooling systems, paints, adhesives, and latex emulsions to prevent microbial spoilage. Also used in personal care products like shampoos and lotions to maintain product integrity during storage and use. Effective at low concentrations, making it cost-efficient for long-term microbial control.