Used as an electron-accepting material in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to its strong electron-withdrawing nitrile groups and extended π-conjugated structure. It serves as a non-fullerene acceptor in bulk heterojunction solar cells, offering tunable energy levels and good thermal stability. Its rigid, multi-aryl framework enhances charge separation efficiency and supports high open-circuit voltage. Also investigated in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and perovskite solar cells as an interfacial layer to improve electron transport and device performance.