Suramin is primarily used in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei. It is effective in the early stages of the disease before the parasite invades the central nervous system. Additionally, suramin has been explored for its potential in treating certain cancers due to its ability to inhibit the growth of tumor cells by interfering with various growth factors and enzymes involved in cell proliferation. It has also shown promise in research studies for its antiviral properties, particularly against HIV and other viruses, by blocking viral replication. Furthermore, suramin is being investigated for its potential use in managing autism spectrum disorders, as it may help modulate certain biochemical pathways associated with the condition. However, suramin must be used under medical supervision due to potential severe side effects.