Stibogluconate sodium is primarily used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species. It works by inhibiting the parasite's energy metabolism, effectively killing the microorganisms. This compound is administered through intravenous or intramuscular injections, making it a critical component in the medical management of both cutaneous and visceral forms of the disease. Its efficacy and relatively manageable side effect profile have established it as a standard therapeutic option in regions where leishmaniasis is endemic. Additionally, ongoing research explores its potential in treating other parasitic infections and its role in immunomodulatory therapies.