Used as a conductive coating in electronic displays, touch screens, and solar cells due to its high transparency and electrical conductivity. Applied in anti-static films for packaging and optical coatings to prevent static buildup. Serves as a pigment in specialty paints and coatings where UV resistance and durability are required. Utilized in catalysis and sensor technologies because of its surface reactivity and stability. Also explored in energy storage systems like batteries and supercapacitors for enhancing electrode performance.