Pentosan polysulfate is widely used in the treatment of interstitial cystitis, a chronic bladder condition, due to its ability to repair the bladder lining and reduce inflammation. It is also employed in managing osteoarthritis, as it helps to protect cartilage and improve joint function by inhibiting enzymes that degrade cartilage. Additionally, it has anticoagulant properties, making it useful in preventing blood clots in certain medical conditions. Its anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects have led to its exploration in other therapeutic areas, such as wound healing and fibrosis management.