Cephalotaxine is primarily recognized for its role as a precursor in the synthesis of harringtonine and homoharringtonine, which are alkaloids with significant anticancer properties. These derivatives are particularly effective in the treatment of certain types of leukemia, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis, which disrupts the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Additionally, cephalotaxine and its derivatives have been studied for their potential antiviral and antimalarial activities, although these applications are less developed compared to their use in oncology. Research continues to explore the full therapeutic potential of cephalotaxine and its related compounds in various medical fields.