Curvularin is primarily investigated for its biological activity, particularly its potential as an anticancer agent. It exhibits cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. One of its key mechanisms involves the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, specifically targeting complex I in the electron transport chain, which disrupts energy production in cells.

It also shows anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, making it a candidate for research in autoimmune diseases and transplant medicine. Additionally, curvularin has demonstrated antifungal and antibacterial activities, suggesting possible use in antimicrobial therapies. Due to its ability to modulate cellular signaling pathways, it is used as a biochemical tool in studies related to cell cycle regulation and oxidative stress.