Thiambutosine is primarily used in the treatment of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It acts as an antileprotic agent, helping to inhibit the growth of the bacteria responsible for the disease. The compound is often administered as part of a multidrug therapy regimen to enhance its efficacy and reduce the risk of developing drug resistance. Thiambutosine is particularly useful in cases where patients may not tolerate other antileprotic drugs well. Its application has contributed significantly to the management and control of leprosy, especially in regions where the disease is endemic.