Sodium bicarbonate is widely used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acids, it releases carbon dioxide, causing dough to rise and create a light, fluffy texture in baked goods like cakes, cookies, and breads. In cleaning applications, it serves as a gentle abrasive, effectively removing stains and odors from surfaces, fabrics, and carpets. It is also used to neutralize acidic odors in refrigerators, trash cans, and other household areas. Medically, it is utilized as an antacid to relieve heartburn, indigestion, and acid reflux by neutralizing stomach acid. In emergency settings, it can be administered intravenously to treat metabolic acidosis. Additionally, sodium bicarbonate is employed in fire extinguishers, particularly for grease and electrical fires, as it releases carbon dioxide to smother flames. In personal care, it is a common ingredient in toothpaste and deodorants due to its mild abrasive properties and ability to neutralize odors. It is also used in agriculture to adjust soil pH, improving nutrient availability for plants, and in water treatment to balance pH levels in pools and drinking water systems.