Used primarily as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to treat pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Also used to relieve acute painful conditions like tendonitis and bursitis. Has been studied for potential use in preventing certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in preclinical models. Not typically used for long-term cancer prevention due to risk of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects.