Used primarily to treat and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by susceptible strains of bacteria. It works by interfering with bacterial enzymes involved in energy production, leading to disruption of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately killing the bacteria. Commonly prescribed for uncomplicated lower UTIs in women, it is effective against common uropathogens like Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and some Klebsiella and Enterobacter species. Due to its rapid excretion in urine, it achieves high concentrations in the urinary tract while maintaining low systemic levels, making it suitable for urinary-specific infections. Often used as a first-line prophylactic agent in patients with recurrent UTIs. Not effective for systemic infections or pyelonephritis due to poor tissue penetration and low blood levels.