Used extensively in gel filtration chromatography for desalting and buffer exchange of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. It effectively separates small molecules like salts from larger macromolecules based on size exclusion. Commonly applied in the final purification steps to remove impurities, unincorporated labels, or excess reagents after labeling reactions. Also used in column chromatography, spin columns, and automated systems due to its high reproducibility and low nonspecific binding. Suitable for both laboratory-scale and preparative applications where rapid separation with minimal sample loss is required.