Used in biochemical and analytical applications to maintain a stable pH environment, particularly in the range of 4.0 to 6.0. Commonly employed in chromatography, especially ion-exchange and HPLC, to control ionization and improve separation efficiency. Widely used in protein purification, enzyme assays, and electrophoresis (e.g., SDS-PAGE) due to its compatibility with biological molecules. Also utilized in pharmaceutical formulations and as a buffering agent in diagnostic reagents. Its low UV absorbance makes it suitable for spectrophotometric and spectroscopic detection methods.