Used in biochemical and analytical laboratories to maintain a stable pH environment, particularly in processes like chromatography, electrophoresis, and enzyme reactions where pH control is critical. Commonly applied in DNA and protein purification, as it helps prevent denaturation and supports consistent sample behavior. Also utilized in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure product stability and in microbial growth media to regulate acidity during cell culture. Its buffering capacity around pH 4.5–5.5 makes it suitable for applications requiring mildly acidic conditions.