Used as a precursor in the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films and nanoparticles through sol-gel processes. These materials are widely applied in photocatalysis (including wastewater treatment), self-cleaning coatings, solar cells, and cosmetics for UV protection due to their high photocatalytic activity, transparency, and UV-blocking properties. Also employed in the production of specialty glasses and ceramics to enhance refractive index and thermal stability. Acts as a crosslinking agent in coatings and adhesives, improving hardness and chemical resistance. Commonly used in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for forming protective or functional oxide layers on surfaces.