Pipecolinic acid plays a significant role in biological systems as a metabolite involved in lysine degradation pathways. It is found in both mammalian and microbial metabolism and has been studied for its potential involvement in neurological functions. The compound acts as a modulator of neurotransmitter systems, showing structural similarity to certain amino acids that influence glutamate receptors, which may contribute to neuroactive properties.

In research, pipecolinic acid is used as a biomarker for certain metabolic disorders, particularly those affecting lysine metabolism, such as hyperpipecolatemia. Elevated levels in body fluids can indicate peroxisomal disorders or other inborn errors of metabolism, making it useful in diagnostic biochemistry.

It also finds application in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds, serving as a chiral building block in medicinal chemistry. Due to its cyclic structure and functional groups, it is valuable in designing enzyme inhibitors and peptidomimetics. Additionally, studies suggest immunomodulatory effects, where it may influence T-cell responses and inflammatory processes, opening avenues for exploration in immune-related therapies.