Used as a catalyst in various organic synthesis reactions, particularly in esterification and hydrolysis processes. It is also employed in the production of pigments and dyes due to its ability to stabilize colorants. In analytical chemistry, it serves as a reagent for the precipitation of proteins and alkaloids. Additionally, it finds application in the manufacturing of anti-corrosive coatings and as a component in electrochemical systems for energy storage. Its acidic properties make it useful in wastewater treatment for the removal of heavy metals.