Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, especially in esterification, hydration, and oxidation reactions due to its strong acidity and stability. Commonly employed in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Acts as a staining agent in electron microscopy for biological samples, enhancing contrast of cellular structures. Utilized in analytical chemistry for the detection and determination of certain cations and alkaloids. Also applied in the development of electrochemical sensors and conductive materials because of its redox properties.