β-Lapachone is primarily investigated for its potential in cancer therapy due to its ability to induce selective cancer cell death. It works by activating the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which is often overexpressed in certain cancer cells. This activation leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Additionally, it is being studied for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, showing promise in treating conditions like arthritis and infections. Research is also exploring its role in neurodegenerative diseases, where it may help mitigate oxidative damage.